![](/images/plant2023/44.jpg)
![](/images/plant2023/207.jpg)
![](/images/plant2023/290.jpg)
![](/images/plant2023/107.jpg)
![](/images/plant2023/166.jpg)
![](/images/plant2023/356.jpg)
![](/images/plant2023/41.jpg)
![](/images/plant2023/137.jpg)
![](/images/plant2023/262.jpg)
![](/images/plant2023/112.jpg)
![](/images/plant2023/143.jpg)
![](/images/plant2023/294.jpg)
![](/images/plant2023/90.jpg)
![](/images/plant2023/144.jpg)
![](/images/plant2023/341.jpg)
Role of Deficient Mismatch Repair in the Personalized …
Abbreviations: CRC, colorectal cancer; MSI, microsatellite instability. promoter known as the CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) [ ], and inactivation of account for the small percentage (~5% and ~1%) respectively. About half of sporadic dMMR cases carry V600E mutations which could distinguish sporadic tumors from LS cases [.
![](/image/whatsapp.png)
![](/images/plant2023/40.jpg)
![](/images/plant2023/202.jpg)
![](/images/plant2023/339.jpg)
![](/images/plant2023/18.jpg)
![](/images/plant2023/197.jpg)
![](/images/plant2023/341.jpg)
LDH‐A negatively regulates dMMR in colorectal cancer
Abstract. Although immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have achieved unprecedented success in dMMR tumors, pMMR tumors accounting for 85% of colorectal cancer (CRC) cases remain unresponsive. Lactate dehydrogenase A (LDH‐A) is the rate‐limiting enzyme that catalyzes the transformation of pyruvate to lactate in the …
![](/image/whatsapp.png)
![](/images/plant2023/117.jpg)
![](/images/plant2023/210.jpg)
![](/images/plant2023/242.jpg)
![](/images/plant2023/80.jpg)
![](/images/plant2023/156.jpg)
![](/images/plant2023/320.jpg)
![](/images/plant2023/87.jpg)
![](/images/plant2023/173.jpg)
![](/images/plant2023/341.jpg)
![](/images/plant2023/97.jpg)
![](/images/plant2023/231.jpg)
![](/images/plant2023/271.jpg)
![](/images/plant2023/6.jpg)
![](/images/plant2023/210.jpg)
![](/images/plant2023/330.jpg)
![](/images/plant2023/60.jpg)
![](/images/plant2023/130.jpg)
![](/images/plant2023/289.jpg)
![](/images/plant2023/60.jpg)
![](/images/plant2023/197.jpg)
![](/images/plant2023/292.jpg)
Understanding MSI-High and DNA Mismatch Repair (dMMR)
Microsatellite Instability High (MSI-H) MSI-H is a DNA abnormality found in about 15% of colon cancers and other cancers. It is most often found in cancers associated with genetic syndromes like Lynch syndrome but can also occur sporadically. MSI-H is what "happens" when the genes that regulate DNA function don't work correctly.
![](/image/whatsapp.png)
![](/images/plant2023/91.jpg)
![](/images/plant2023/166.jpg)
![](/images/plant2023/247.jpg)
![](/images/plant2023/24.jpg)
![](/images/plant2023/174.jpg)
![](/images/plant2023/304.jpg)
![](/images/plant2023/42.jpg)
![](/images/plant2023/134.jpg)
![](/images/plant2023/320.jpg)
![](/images/plant2023/114.jpg)
![](/images/plant2023/239.jpg)
![](/images/plant2023/314.jpg)
![](/images/plant2023/34.jpg)
![](/images/plant2023/142.jpg)
![](/images/plant2023/252.jpg)
![](/images/plant2023/41.jpg)
![](/images/plant2023/199.jpg)
![](/images/plant2023/255.jpg)
![](/images/plant2023/57.jpg)
![](/images/plant2023/215.jpg)
![](/images/plant2023/260.jpg)
![](/images/plant2023/109.jpg)
![](/images/plant2023/232.jpg)
![](/images/plant2023/255.jpg)
![](/images/plant2023/53.jpg)
![](/images/plant2023/225.jpg)
![](/images/plant2023/335.jpg)
Association of Peripheral Blood Biomarkers With Response …
Purpose: Deficient mismatch repair (dMMR) is an established biomarker for the response to the programmed cell death (PD)-1 inhibitors in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). Although patients with dMMR mCRC could achieve a high incidence of disease control and favorable progression-free survival (PFS), reported response rates to PD-1 …
![](/image/whatsapp.png)
![](/images/plant2023/4.jpg)
![](/images/plant2023/202.jpg)
![](/images/plant2023/245.jpg)
![](/images/plant2023/19.jpg)
![](/images/plant2023/238.jpg)
![](/images/plant2023/263.jpg)
Microsatellite Instability
- Microsatellite instability is the effect of a defective mismatch repair machinery. Thus, the molecular test for MSI is the gold standard diagnostic tool to directly assess the proficiency of mismat...
- Lack of immunohistochemical expression of one or more of the four proteins involved in MMR (MLH1, MSH2, MLH6, PMS2) is an indirect indication of a defective MMR which needs confi…
- Microsatellite instability is the effect of a defective mismatch repair machinery. Thus, the molecular test for MSI is the gold standard diagnostic tool to directly assess the proficiency of mismat...
- Lack of immunohistochemical expression of one or more of the four proteins involved in MMR (MLH1, MSH2, MLH6, PMS2) is an indirect indication of a defective MMR which needs confirmation with a mole...
- The MSI molecular test must be based on mononucleotide (polyA) markers. The use of polynucleotide markers should be discontinued as their alteration is often due to chromosomal instability rather t...
- MSI testing suggestions based on available data are reported in the image below.
![](/image/whatsapp.png)
![](/images/plant2023/20.jpg)
![](/images/plant2023/188.jpg)
![](/images/plant2023/315.jpg)
![](/images/plant2023/19.jpg)
![](/images/plant2023/227.jpg)
![](/images/plant2023/294.jpg)
![](/images/plant2023/69.jpg)
![](/images/plant2023/139.jpg)
![](/images/plant2023/342.jpg)
![](/images/plant2023/68.jpg)
![](/images/plant2023/240.jpg)
![](/images/plant2023/272.jpg)
![](/images/plant2023/67.jpg)
![](/images/plant2023/122.jpg)
![](/images/plant2023/289.jpg)
![](/images/plant2023/43.jpg)
![](/images/plant2023/149.jpg)
![](/images/plant2023/333.jpg)
Deficient DNA Mismatch Repair (dMMR)
Biomarker-Directed Therapies. Note: Indicated for the treatment of mismatch repair deficient (dMMR) recurrent or advanced endometrial cancer that has progressed on or following prior treatment with a platinum-containing regimen. Note: According to NCCN, stage II MSI-H patients do not benefit from 5-FU adjuvant therapy.
![](/image/whatsapp.png)
![](/images/plant2023/40.jpg)
![](/images/plant2023/226.jpg)
![](/images/plant2023/246.jpg)
![](/images/plant2023/22.jpg)
![](/images/plant2023/236.jpg)
![](/images/plant2023/297.jpg)
DNA mismatch repair proteins: scientific update and …
MMR function (dMMR) leads to an increased risk of development of neoplasia. Identification of dMMR within tumours can suggest a high chance of the inherited cancer condition Lynch syndrome and predicts poor clinical response to certain conventional chemotherapies but an increased likelihood of response to immunotherapy.
![](/image/whatsapp.png)
![](/images/plant2023/104.jpg)
![](/images/plant2023/193.jpg)
![](/images/plant2023/256.jpg)
![](/images/plant2023/60.jpg)
![](/images/plant2023/128.jpg)
![](/images/plant2023/265.jpg)
![](/images/plant2023/41.jpg)
![](/images/plant2023/236.jpg)
![](/images/plant2023/354.jpg)
![](/images/plant2023/39.jpg)
![](/images/plant2023/196.jpg)
![](/images/plant2023/300.jpg)
Summary of Recommendations
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer in men and the second in women worldwide.1 Approximately 3% to 5% of colorectal cancers are attributable to a hereditary cancer predisposition related to DNA mismatch repair (MMR) deficiency.2 Deficient MMR (dMMR) results in an inability to correct DNA replication errors and therefore results in an …
![](/image/whatsapp.png)